![]() ![]() Scoping literature review was conducted in five steps according to the procedure, with the following as our study question: “What are the features of MI during long-term observation and the predictors of adverse outcomes of post-MI patients?” A literature search was performed in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, and Web of Science. Literature review on influencing factors of poor prognosis in post-MI patients Furthermore, through interviews with clinical experts, the justification of the nursing education direction that post-MI patients should modify their risk factors and maintain self-care behaviors based on disease awareness in order to prevent poor prognosis should be confirmed. In addition, in-depth interviews with post-MI patients who developed HF among MACE should confirm the relationship between their disease awareness, lifestyle, lack of self-care, and the need for education. Since many cohort studies with post-MI patients have been conducted to identify factors affecting MACE from a medical point of view, these longitudinal studies should be comprehensively reviewed to suggest risk groups that require intervention. However, most of them were short-term studies of less than 1 year, and it is necessary to confirm the relationship between self-care and long-term prognosis. Many nursing studies have been continuously conducted to determine the effects of educational interventions on lifestyle modification and self-care improvement, and factors affecting self-care for the prevention of secondary cardiovascular disease. In order for post-MI patients to live a healthy life without HF during long-term drug treatment, it is essential to maintain self-care such as risk factors and lifestyle modification along with medication compliance. Even with successful reperfusion and acute treatment in patients with MI, it is highly valuable to predict patients at high risk of HF or early clinical stages of HF as early as possible to provide therapeutic agents and interventions before left ventricular remodeling occurs. ![]() HF has been identified as the most potent factor that increases the prevalence and mortality in the later stages after MI onset. ![]() Another study showed that, of the 1239 survivors with non-fatal MI, 29.1% developed HF during an average of 5.6 years of follow-up. According to cohort studies, HF-related readmission rates in post-MI patients increased by 7.5% and 13.4% at 1 and 3 years, respectively, and a Swedish study also reported an increase of 11.4% at 1 year and 21.8% at 5 years. MI has been reported to be a major cause of HF globally and HF patients have been reported to have the highest rate of a history of MI (37.4%), highlighting the need to pay attention to HF as an important complication of MI. The Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry-National Institutes of Health (KAMIR-NIH) prospectively followed up 13,000 registered MI patients and reported MACE incidence and mortality rates of 9.6% and 4.3%, respectively. In Korea, the number of patients diagnosed with MI increased by approximately 23.9% over a 5-year period. MACE includes restenosis, stent thrombosis, MI recurrence, readmission due to heart failure (HF), coronary artery bypass surgery, and cardiac death. Another study in Taiwan, the cumulative incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) increased by 5.9% and 13.8%, and mortality by 2.0% and 5.2% at 1 and 3 years, respectively. In a study of adults aged 65 and older in the United States, mortality rates were 51% at 5 years, respectively. Many prospective cohort studies have been conducted on prognostic factors in post-MI patients, and the mortality rate increases as time elapses after the onset of MI. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major cause of death worldwide and is continually on the rise consequent to aging and westernization of lifestyle. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. ![]() Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. ![]()
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